Computer Hardware Fundamentals

Before fixing a computer, you need to know what's inside it. Every desktop or laptop is built from a small set of core components that work together — understanding each one helps you diagnose problems logically instead of guessing.

• CPU (Processor): The "brain" that executes instructions. Overheating here causes slowdowns or shutdowns.
• RAM (Memory): Temporary, fast storage used while programs are running. Low RAM causes a computer to feel slow with many programs open.
• Storage (HDD/SSD): Where files and the operating system live permanently. An SSD is much faster and more durable than an older HDD.
• Motherboard & Power Supply (PSU): The motherboard connects every component together; the PSU converts wall power into what the components need. A damaged PSU is a common cause of a computer that "won't turn on at all."

Practical Skill: Practice safely opening a desktop case (unplugged, after touching a grounded metal surface to discharge static electricity) and identifying the CPU fan, RAM sticks, storage drive, and PSU without touching or disconnecting anything.

=== HARDWARE SAFETY CHECKLIST === [ ] Power off the computer completely (not just sleep mode)[ ] Unplug the power cable from the wall AND the computer[ ] For laptops: remove the battery if it is removable[ ] Touch a grounded metal object (e.g. an unpainted metal    part of the case) before touching any internal component    to discharge static electricity — static can silently    damage components[ ] Work on a hard, flat, non-carpeted surface[ ] Keep screws organized in a small container — a magnetic    tray works well and prevents lost screws[ ] Take a photo with your phone before disconnecting any    cable, so you remember exactly how to reconnect it